The Power of Citrus Peel Waste: Natural Antioxidant Essential Oils Preventing Fish Oil Oxidation

Abstract

In developing countries, food production and processing result in high costs and the generation of significant amounts of fruit waste, which harm the environment. These fruit wastes contain numerous beneficial components, including proteins, lipids, starch, micronutrients, bioactive compounds, and dietary fibers. Among these fruit wastes, citrus fruits play a vital role in providing various health benefits. Citrus species from the Rutaceae family are widely consumed as fresh fruits and juices worldwide. Citrus peel waste (CPW) constitutes approximately 60% of processed citrus fruits, making it a promising resource in the food production industry. CPW is rich in polyphenols and essential oils, holding importance in terms of nutritional value and pharmaceutical applications. It is known that essential oils derived from CPW (CPEo) prevent the oxidation of lipids, influenced by environmental conditions. With the harmful effects of synthetic antioxidants becoming more evident in recent years, the potential of CPEo as a natural alternative has gained attention. This study evaluates the results of research on the preservation of oxidation-sensitive fish oil using essential oils obtained from different citrus peels and their potential application areas. The volatile components playing a significant role in the antioxidant activity of CPEo include D-limonene, γ-terpinen, α-pinen, β-pinen, and linalool. D-limonene, the most abundant component in citrus oils, reduces oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals and protects cell membranes from lipid peroxidation. γ-terpinen is recognized for its effective free radical scavenging properties and its ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation, while α-pinen and β-pinen mitigate oxidative damage by neutralizing free radicals and reducing inflammation. Linalool stands out for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The antioxidant activities of these volatile compounds contribute to cellular defense mechanisms through mechanisms such as free radical scavenging, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and reduction of oxidative stress-related cellular damage, ultimately promoting overall health.